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Solana is a high-performance blockchain platform that has experienced significant technical instability, ecosystem fraud, and regulatory challenges since its 2020 launch. While positioned as an "Ethereum killer," the network has suffered from multiple outages, massive meme coin scams, and legal scrutiny regarding its centralization and potential securities classification.

Nexo is a crypto lending and yield platform founded in 2018 by Antoni Trenchev and Kosta Kantchev, incorporated in the Cayman Islands, that grew to over $11 billion in assets under management. The company paid a $45 million settlement to the SEC and a multistate coalition of regulators in January 2023 over the unregistered offer and sale of its Earn Interest Product, and exited the US market in late 2022. A Bulgarian criminal investigation launched simultaneously was closed in December 2023 for lack of evidence, after which Nexo filed a $3 billion ICSID arbitration claim against Bulgaria; Nexo formally reentered the US market in February 2026 in partnership with Bakkt.

Pump.fun (operated by Baton Corporation Ltd.) is a Solana-based memecoin launchpad that launched on January 19, 2024, enabling users to create and trade tokens within seconds for a fraction of a cent. Despite generating over $1 billion in cumulative platform revenue by late 2025, the platform faces a consolidated federal class-action lawsuit alleging operation of an unregistered securities exchange, insider exploitation of MEV infrastructure, and a whistleblower-sourced cache of 5,000+ internal messages alleged to show coordinated market manipulation. Third-party research classifies 98.6% of tokens launched on the platform as rug pulls or pump-and-dump schemes, and North Korea's Lazarus Group has been linked by on-chain investigator ZachXBT to laundering attempts through the platform using fake memecoins after the February 2025 Bybit hack.

ZachXBT (legal name Zachary Wolk, revealed through 2023 court filings) is a pseudonymous American blockchain investigator and OSINT researcher who has operated since 2021, publishing forensic investigations into cryptocurrency fraud, scams, and large-scale thefts. He is widely regarded as one of the most consequential independent crypto investigators, credited with helping recover over $350 million in stolen assets and contributing evidence that has led to multiple arrests across several countries. He maintains strict anonymity and has no formal law enforcement affiliation, though he joined Paradigm as an incident response advisor in February 2025.

Genesis Global Capital, LLC was the crypto lending arm of Digital Currency Group (DCG), founded in 2013 as the first institutional OTC bitcoin trading desk. Following catastrophic loan exposures to Three Arrows Capital and FTX in 2022, Genesis suspended customer withdrawals in November 2022 and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2023, owing approximately $3.4 billion to creditors. The company subsequently settled with the SEC for $21 million and with the New York Attorney General for $2 billion, completed a $4 billion restructuring distribution in August 2024, and in May 2025 its post-bankruptcy Litigation Oversight Committee filed dual lawsuits totaling $3.3 billion against parent DCG and CEO Barry Silbert alleging fraud and concealment of insolvency.

Jupiter Exchange (jup.ag) is the dominant DEX aggregator on Solana, founded in October 2021 by pseudonymous co-founder Meow and Siong Ong. It handles an estimated 95% of Solana aggregator volume and has expanded into perpetuals trading, lending, liquid staking, and a native stablecoin, positioning itself as a 'DeFi superapp.' While the platform is legitimate and widely used with over $2.2 trillion in cumulative swap volume, it has accumulated a series of documented controversies including a co-founder racial slur incident, misleading lending risk disclosures, a governance crisis over team voting power, an X account hack that caused user losses, and community concerns about ecosystem monopolization through acquisitions.

Axiom (axiom.trade) is a Y Combinator-backed Solana trading terminal launched in January 2025 by co-founders Henry Zhang and Preston Ellis. The platform grew rapidly to become the dominant Solana memecoin trading interface, generating over $300 million in fees within 263 days. In February 2026, crypto investigator ZachXBT published an exposé alleging that multiple Axiom employees abused internal 'admin dashboard' access controls to surveil private user wallet data and conduct insider trading over a period of approximately 13 months.

Kraken (operated by Payward, Inc.) is one of the largest and longest-running cryptocurrency exchanges in the world, founded in 2011 and publicly launched in 2013 in San Francisco. The exchange holds a Wyoming special purpose depository institution bank charter and serves approximately 15 million users across 190+ countries. While Kraken is a legitimate, operating business and has not been the subject of exit-scam or market-manipulation allegations, it has accumulated a substantial regulatory enforcement record across multiple jurisdictions, experienced a zero-day security exploit in 2024, and faced an active extortion attempt in April 2026 tied to insider-related data access incidents.

Phantom Wallet is a self-custody, non-custodial cryptocurrency wallet developed by Phantom Technologies, Inc., headquartered in San Francisco. Originally launched in 2021 as a Solana-focused browser extension, it has expanded to support Ethereum, Bitcoin, Polygon, Base, and Sui across browser extensions and mobile apps, with approximately 15 million monthly active users and $25 billion in self-custodied assets as of early 2025. The company is well-funded and has engaged constructively with US regulators, though it faces an active civil lawsuit alleging a browser-extension security flaw, and its users have been materially targeted by phishing impersonators and fake app-store clones.

FTX was a Bahamas-headquartered cryptocurrency exchange founded in May 2019 by Sam Bankman-Fried and Gary Wang that grew to a peak valuation of $32 billion before collapsing in November 2022 amid revelations that customer funds had been systematically misappropriated and funneled to affiliated trading firm Alameda Research. The collapse, one of the largest financial frauds in U.S. history, resulted in an estimated $8 billion shortfall in customer deposits, a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing covering more than 130 affiliated entities, and criminal convictions for multiple executives including a 25-year prison sentence for founder Sam Bankman-Fried. Recovery proceedings under successor CEO John Ray III have since distributed more than $10 billion to creditors, with 98% of creditors slated to receive 119% of their November 2022 claim values.

Terraform Labs Pte. Ltd. was a Singapore-based blockchain company founded in 2018 by Do Kwon and Daniel Shin, best known for developing the Terra blockchain, the algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD (UST), and the associated LUNA cryptocurrency. In May 2022, UST lost its dollar peg, triggering a collapse that wiped out approximately $40–45 billion in market capitalization within days. Following SEC civil fraud proceedings, a unanimous jury verdict in April 2024, and a $4.47 billion settlement, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2024 and received court approval to wind down operations in September 2024. Co-founder Do Kwon was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison in December 2025.

Terra was a blockchain protocol developed by Terraform Labs that operated an algorithmic stablecoin (TerraUSD/UST) pegged to the US dollar via a mint-and-burn mechanism with its native token LUNA. In May 2022, UST lost its dollar peg and entered a catastrophic death spiral that wiped out approximately $40-45 billion in market capitalization within days, triggering cascading bankruptcies across the crypto industry. Founder Do Kwon was subsequently charged with fraud by the SEC and DOJ, found liable at trial, and sentenced to 15 years in federal prison in December 2025 — with Terraform Labs agreeing to a $4.47 billion SEC settlement, the largest in SEC crypto enforcement history at the time.

Alexander Mashinsky is the founder and former CEO of Celsius Network, a cryptocurrency lending platform that collapsed in July 2022 after freezing approximately $4.7 billion in customer assets. In December 2024, Mashinsky pleaded guilty to commodities fraud and a scheme to manipulate the price of Celsius's CEL token; he was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison in May 2025. Regulatory actions were brought by the DOJ, SEC, CFTC, and FTC.

Alameda Research LLC was a quantitative cryptocurrency trading firm founded in November 2017 by Sam Bankman-Fried that served as the primary vehicle for one of the largest financial frauds in U.S. history. Alongside FTX, which Bankman-Fried founded in 2019, Alameda secretly borrowed and misappropriated approximately $8 billion in FTX customer deposits, using the funds for risky trading, venture investments, real estate, and political donations. The collapse of FTX and Alameda in November 2022 triggered criminal convictions for multiple executives, a 25-year prison sentence for Bankman-Fried, and a $12.7 billion CFTC judgment.

QuadrigaCX was a Canadian cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2013 that collapsed in early 2019 following the death of its CEO Gerald Cotten in India in December 2018. The Ontario Securities Commission concluded in June 2020 that the exchange had operated as a fraud and Ponzi scheme, with Cotten using fictitious balances and customer funds for personal enrichment, causing losses of at least C$169 million across approximately 76,000 affected users.

SafeMoon was a BNB Chain-based DeFi token launched in March 2021 that rapidly attracted retail investors through celebrity endorsements and social media hype, reaching a peak market capitalization of approximately $17 billion. Federal prosecutors and the SEC charged the project's founders and executives in November 2023 with securities fraud, wire fraud, and money laundering, alleging they secretly misappropriated over $200 million from the liquidity pool for personal enrichment. CEO Braden John Karony was convicted on all counts in May 2025 and sentenced to 100 months in prison in February 2026; CTO Thomas Smith pleaded guilty in February 2025; founder Kyle Nagy remained a fugitive as of early 2026.

Wirecard AG was a German payment processor and financial services company headquartered in Munich that collapsed in June 2020 after revealing that approximately €1.9 billion in cash held in purported escrow accounts in the Philippines almost certainly did not exist. The scandal, described as the largest corporate fraud in postwar German history, implicated the company's senior leadership, exposed systemic failures by auditor Ernst & Young and German financial regulator BaFin, and revealed intelligence connections through fugitive COO Jan Marsalek, who is alleged to have been a Russian intelligence asset. Criminal proceedings against former CEO Markus Braun and co-defendants were ongoing in Munich as of early 2026, with no verdict yet reached.

On August 2, 2016, the Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency exchange Bitfinex was breached by Ilya Lichtenstein, who fraudulently authorized more than 2,000 transactions to steal 119,756 BTC valued at approximately $72 million at the time. The exchange socialized losses across all customers and issued BFX recovery tokens, redeeming them fully by April 2017. In February 2022, the U.S. Department of Justice arrested Lichtenstein and his wife Heather Morgan, seizing over $3.6 billion in Bitcoin in what was then the largest financial seizure in DOJ history; both pleaded guilty in August 2023 and were sentenced in November 2024.

Voyager Digital was a US-based cryptocurrency brokerage and lending platform founded in 2018 that grew to 3.5 million users and $5.9 billion in assets before filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on July 5, 2022, following a $650 million loan default by Three Arrows Capital. The company's collapse resulted in customers losing access to funds, multiple federal regulatory actions against the firm and its CEO Stephen Ehrlich, and the failure of two successive acquisition deals by FTX and Binance.US. After a court-approved liquidation plan in May 2023, creditors received partial distributions estimated at approximately 70% of claims across multiple tranches through 2024.

Three Arrows Capital (3AC) was a Singapore-based cryptocurrency hedge fund founded in 2012 by Su Zhu and Kyle Davies that, at its peak in early 2022, managed an estimated $10 billion in assets. Severe losses from the Terra/LUNA ecosystem collapse in May 2022 triggered cascading margin calls and a liquidity crisis that led to court-ordered liquidation in the British Virgin Islands on June 27, 2022, leaving more than $3.5 billion in creditor claims. The founders subsequently faced arrest warrants, prison sentences for non-cooperation with liquidators, a nine-year regulatory ban by Singapore's Monetary Authority, and fines from Dubai's virtual asset regulator over a failed post-collapse exchange venture.

BlockFi was a cryptocurrency lending platform founded in 2017 by Zac Prince and Flori Marquez, once valued at $3 billion. The company faced a $100 million SEC and state regulator settlement in February 2022 for offering unregistered securities, then collapsed in November 2022 following the implosion of FTX, which had extended BlockFi a $400 million credit facility. After filing Chapter 11 bankruptcy, BlockFi achieved a notable outcome: all creditors received 100% recovery of allowed claims, funded largely by a $874.5 million settlement with FTX/Alameda Research.

Mt. Gox was a Tokyo-based Bitcoin exchange that, at its peak in 2013–2014, handled approximately 70% of all global Bitcoin transactions. In February 2014 it suspended trading and filed for bankruptcy after disclosing the loss of approximately 850,000 BTC — later revised to approximately 650,000 BTC net — due to theft that investigators determined began as early as late 2011. Creditor repayment proceedings under civil rehabilitation law have been ongoing since 2018, with partial distributions commencing in July 2024 and a current deadline of October 31, 2026.

Sam Bankman-Fried (SBF) is the co-founder and former CEO of FTX, a now-bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange, and Alameda Research, a crypto trading firm. In November 2022, FTX collapsed after it was revealed that approximately $8 billion in customer funds had been misappropriated and transferred to Alameda Research without customer consent. Bankman-Fried was convicted on all seven criminal counts on November 2, 2023, and sentenced to 25 years in federal prison on March 28, 2024.

Ripple Labs is a San Francisco-based financial technology company founded in 2012 that developed the XRP Ledger and issues the XRP token for cross-border payments. The company was the subject of a landmark five-year SEC enforcement action alleging a $1.3 billion unregistered securities offering, which concluded in August 2025 via joint dismissal of appeals following a 2024 court-imposed $125 million civil penalty. A 2023 federal court split ruling established that institutional XRP sales constituted unregistered securities while secondary market sales did not, making the case the first significant federal court ruling to distinguish token sale contexts under securities law.

Celsius Network was a centralized crypto lending platform founded in 2017 that attracted over 1.7 million users and $20 billion in assets under management by offering yields of up to 18% on deposited cryptocurrency. In June 2022 the platform froze all withdrawals, subsequently filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 2022, and exposed a $1.2 billion balance sheet deficit. Founder and CEO Alex Mashinsky was arrested in July 2023, pleaded guilty to commodities fraud and securities fraud in December 2024, and was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison in May 2025.

OneCoin was a fraudulent cryptocurrency scheme founded in 2014 by Ruja Ignatova ('Cryptoqueen') and Karl Sebastian Greenwood, which defrauded approximately 3.5 million investors worldwide of over $4 billion. The scheme operated through a fake private blockchain and multilevel marketing network before collapsing in 2017. Greenwood was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2023; Ignatova remains a fugitive on the FBI Ten Most Wanted list with a $5 million reward for information leading to her arrest.

Aave is a decentralized, non-custodial liquidity protocol built on Ethereum and multiple other blockchains, enabling users to supply assets to earn interest or borrow against overcollateralized positions. Founded in 2017 as ETHLend by Finnish lawyer Stani Kulechov, it rebranded to Aave in 2020 and grew into the largest DeFi lending platform by total value locked, reporting over $40 billion in net deposits as of early 2025. The protocol has faced notable security incidents, a multi-year SEC investigation that closed without enforcement in December 2025, ongoing governance tensions between token holders and Aave Labs, and significant indirect exposure to a $292 million exploit in April 2026 attributed to North Korea's Lazarus Group.

Do Hyeong Kwon (born 1991) is a South Korean software engineer and former CEO of Terraform Labs, the company behind the Terra blockchain ecosystem, including the TerraUSD (UST) algorithmic stablecoin and the LUNA cryptocurrency. In May 2022, the Terra ecosystem collapsed, wiping out an estimated $40–45 billion in market capitalization within a week. Kwon was subsequently charged with fraud by U.S. federal prosecutors and the SEC, arrested in Montenegro in March 2023, extradited to the United States in December 2024, pleaded guilty in August 2025, and was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison in December 2025.

Thodex was a Turkish cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2017 (originally as Koineks) by Faruk Fatih Özer that collapsed in April 2021 when the platform abruptly halted trading and its founder fled to Albania, leaving approximately 391,000 users unable to access funds estimated at $2 billion to $2.6 billion. Özer was arrested in Albania in August 2022, extradited to Turkey in April 2023, convicted in September 2023 and sentenced to 11,196 years in prison alongside his two siblings, and died in a Turkish high-security prison on November 1, 2025, in circumstances that prompted a formal investigation.

Titan Exchange is a Solana-based meta-DEX aggregator founded in 2024 that routes swaps across multiple aggregators, including its own proprietary routing engine, to deliver competitive pricing. The platform raised $10.5M in venture funding and publicly launched in September 2025, positioning itself as the primary competitor to Jupiter, the dominant Solana DEX aggregator. While no verified fraud or regulatory action has been found against Titan itself, the investigation surfaces several concerns: self-reported and inconsistent performance benchmarks, an unconfirmed token/airdrop creating speculative user activity, an API-blocking dispute with major incumbent aggregators, and the context of Titan capitalizing on a reputational controversy surrounding Jupiter's founder.

Fomo (fomo.family) is a consumer social crypto trading app developed by FOMO Labs, Inc. of San Francisco, co-founded by former dYdX employees Paul Erlanger and Se Yong Park. Launched in May 2025 and backed by $19 million in funding led by Benchmark Capital, the platform operates on Solana, Base, and BNB Chain with a non-custodial wallet architecture. The platform is explicitly unregulated, has no publicly disclosed security audits, charges flat per-trade fees that disadvantage small traders, and has spawned at least one active phishing/wallet-drainer scam site impersonating its brand.

<cite index="11-3,27-15">Axiom Exchange is a crypto trading platform founded in 2024 by Henry Zhang (Mist) and Preston Ellis (Cal), backed by Y Combinator</cite>. <cite index="11-1,21-3">In February 2026, blockchain investigator ZachXBT alleged that senior employees misused internal access controls to conduct insider trading using sensitive user wallet data</cite>. <cite index="11-5,27-17">Despite generating over $390 million in revenue to date, the platform now faces serious allegations of internal data abuse and trading misconduct</cite>.

<cite index="4-7,1-2">Terra was a blockchain protocol created in 2018 that collapsed in May 2022, wiping out almost $45 billion in market capitalization within one week</cite>. <cite index="11-1,13-5,15-15">The project was founded by Do Kwon, who was charged with securities fraud by the SEC in February 2023, found liable for defrauding investors in April 2024, and sentenced to 15 years in prison in December 2025</cite>. <cite index="3-1,7-1">At its peak, Terra was the third largest cryptocurrency ecosystem after Bitcoin and Ethereum before collapsing in three days in May 2022</cite>.

Mad Lads is a Solana-based NFT collection launched in April 2023 by Coral, the development company behind Backpack wallet. Created by former Alameda Research and FTX employees Armani Ferrante and Tristan Yver, the project gained significant attention for its innovative mint process that used honeypot tactics to deter bots and for being the first major xNFT collection.

Chads (chads.wtf) is a Solana-based PFP/avatar NFT collection of 5,565 algorithmically generated pixel-art characters that minted on April 20, 2023 via the Elixir launchpad. The project positioned itself as a meme-culture social club with utility promises including ChadOS tooling, a YesDAO community treasury, and a YES token reward system. No formal fraud or rug pull allegations have been found in credible sources, but the collection has experienced a significant value decline of approximately 97.5% from its December 2023 all-time high, several roadmap deliverables remain unverified as shipped, and the founding team has not publicly doxxed their identities.

PaintSwap is a decentralized NFT marketplace and DeFi protocol originally launched on the Fantom Opera blockchain in May 2021, which migrated to the Sonic chain (formerly Fantom) in late 2024. The platform operates an open NFT marketplace, an AMM DEX, yield farming, and an on-chain idle MMORPG called Estfor Kingdom, all powered by its native BRUSH token. No confirmed rug pull, hack, or regulatory action has been identified; the primary documented incident is a domain hijacking by a third-party registrar in October 2025.

Cashio was a Solana-based algorithmic stablecoin protocol that allowed users to mint $CASH tokens backed by Saber USD liquidity provider (LP) tokens. On March 23, 2022, an unidentified attacker exploited a critical missing validation in the smart contract's collateral verification logic, minting approximately 2 billion unbacked $CASH tokens and draining roughly $52 million from the protocol's liquidity pools. The $CASH token collapsed from its $1 peg to near zero, permanently ending the protocol.

Celsius Network was a crypto lending and yield platform founded in 2017 by Alex Mashinsky that promised depositors interest rates as high as 18.6% APY under the slogan 'Unbank Yourself.' On June 12, 2022, Celsius froze all withdrawals without warning, trapping approximately $4.7 billion in customer funds; it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on July 13, 2022, revealing a $1.2 billion hole in its balance sheet. Mashinsky was arrested on federal fraud charges in July 2023, pleaded guilty to commodities fraud and token price manipulation in December 2024, and was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison on May 8, 2025.

BitConnect was a cryptocurrency lending platform and token (BCC) that operated from 2016 to January 2018, ultimately exposed as one of the largest Ponzi schemes in cryptocurrency history. The platform claimed a proprietary 'volatility software trading bot' could generate guaranteed daily returns of up to 1%, but investigators determined no such trading operation existed and that new investor funds were used to pay earlier investors. The scheme defrauded over 4,000 investors across 95 countries of an estimated $2.4 billion; founder Satish Kumbhani was federally indicted in 2022 and remains a fugitive as of 2025.

Africrypt was a South African cryptocurrency investment platform founded in 2019 by brothers Raees and Ameer Cajee. In April 2021, the platform abruptly shut down following an alleged hack, after which the founders fled South Africa with investor funds. The case became one of the most prominent alleged cryptocurrency exit scams in African history, though the exact amount lost remains disputed.

Alameda Research was a cryptocurrency trading firm co-founded by Sam Bankman-Fried in 2017 that became central to one of the largest financial frauds in US history. The firm secretly used billions in [[ftx|FTX]] customer funds for trading and investments, leading to both companies filing for bankruptcy in November 2022.

Analysis of the Monad airdrop controversy, including eligibility issues, allocation opacity, and community backlash.

Plastic cutting boards are a major overlooked source of microplastic contamination in the kitchen. One study estimated that a polyethylene board releases between 7.4-50.7g (0.26…

Monad is a high-performance Layer-1 blockchain with disputed tokenomics and airdrop distribution. $269M raised, 230,000+ airdrop recipients.

A single plastic-containing tea bag can release approximately 11.6 billion pieces of microplastic and 3.1 billion pieces of nanoplastic into your cup of tea. This makes tea bags…

Detailed analysis of Monad\

Ultra-processed foods are foods that have undergone multiple industrial processing steps. They have significantly higher microplastic contamination than fresh, whole foods. Rese…

Bottled water contains significantly more micro- and nanoplastics than previously thought. Each time you screw a plastic bottle cap on and off, it generates 553 microplastic par…

PlusToken was a cryptocurrency Ponzi scheme that defrauded an estimated 3 million investors of between $2 billion and $3 billion in digital assets.

Comprehensive guide to offshore crypto exchanges lacking proper regulatory oversight

Detailed warning about KCEX exchange and documented cases of fund confiscation

The DAO suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $60.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

CoinDash suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $7.70M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Parity Multisig suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $150.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Coincheck suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $534.00M on NEM. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Gate suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $235.00M on Unknown chain. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Trinity Wallet suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $2.35M on Iota. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Ooki suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $350K on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

dForce Lending suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $25.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Lendf.me suffered a documented smart contract language incident with reported losses of $1.20M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Eminence suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $15.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

KuCoin suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $45.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Harvest Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $25.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Akropolis suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $2.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

ValueDefi suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $7.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

CheeseBank suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $3.30M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Origin Protocol suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $8.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Pickle suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $19.70M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Compounder Finance suffered a documented rugpull incident with reported losses of $12.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Warp Protocol suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $7.80M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

LuBian suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $3.50B on Bitcoin. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Cover Protocol suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $9.40M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Yearn Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $11.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Growth DeFi suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $1.30M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Alpha Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $37.50M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Furucombo suffered a documented smart contract language incident with reported losses of $14.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Meerkat Finance suffered a documented rugpull incident with reported losses of $32.00M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Paid Network suffered a documented rugpull incident with reported losses of $27.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

DODO AMM suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $2.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Roll suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $5.70M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Turtle Dex suffered a documented rugpull incident with reported losses of $2.50M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

EasyFi suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $59.00M on Polygon. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Uranium Finance suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $57.20M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Spartan suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $30.50M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Rari Capital suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $10.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

BearnFi suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $18.00M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Bunny suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $45.00M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

AutoShark suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $745K on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Merlin suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $680K on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

BurgerSwap suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $7.20M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Belt Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $6.30M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Alchemix V2 suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $6.50M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Eleven Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $4.50M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

StableMagnet suffered a documented rugpull incident with reported losses of $27.00M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Safe Dollar suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $248K on Polygon. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

ApeRocket suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $1.26M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Thorchain DEX suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $5.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Bondly suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $5.90M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Levyathan suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $1.50M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Popsicle Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $20.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Poly Network suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $611.00M on Ethereum, BSC, Polygon. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Punk Protocol suffered a documented smart contract language incident with reported losses of $8.95M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

DAO Maker Vesting suffered a documented infrastructure incident with reported losses of $7.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Acala Network suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $1.60M on Acala. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

SurgeBNB suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $4.00M on BSC. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

xToken suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $24.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

CREAM Lending suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $18.80M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Siren suffered a documented smart contract language incident with reported losses of $3.45M on Polygon. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Zabu Finance suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $3.20M on Avalanche. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

NowSwap suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $1.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

JayPegs Automart suffered a documented rugpull incident with reported losses of $3.10M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Vee Finance suffered a documented ecosystem incident with reported losses of $34.00M on Avalanche. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Compound V2 suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $147.00M on Ethereum. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

pNetwork suffered a documented protocol logic incident with reported losses of $13.00M on BSC, Bitcoin. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Mirror suffered a documented smart contract language incident with reported losses of $90.00M on Terra. This page tracks DeFiLlama's record of the event.

Lazarus Group is a North Korean state-sponsored advanced persistent threat (APT) actor subordinate to the Reconnaissance General Bureau (RGB), the principal intelligence directorate of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Active since at least 2007, the group has been responsible for some of the largest cryptocurrency thefts in history, with cumulative estimates of stolen digital assets ranging from $3.4 billion to over $6.75 billion across all-time operations. The group and two affiliated sub-clusters — Bluenoroff and Andariel — are designated on the U.S. Treasury OFAC Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list, and multiple individual members have been federally indicted.

Pink Drainer was a phishing-as-a-service (drainer-as-a-service) criminal toolkit active from approximately April 2023 through May 2024, during which it facilitated the theft of an estimated $75–85 million in cryptocurrency and NFTs from more than 21,000 victims. Operated by a pseudonymous developer known as 'Pink' (previously 'Blockdev'), the service sold access to a wallet-draining toolkit to phishing affiliates who ran attack campaigns via compromised Discord servers, hijacked social media accounts, and fake airdrop and NFT-claim websites. The operators announced a self-described 'retirement' on May 17, 2024, though associated wallet addresses have continued to hold and move funds post-shutdown, and copycat operations and successor drainer services have continued the attack model.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, BitcoinDepot has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Garden Finance has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Kiln has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, TradeOgre has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, BitoPro has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Veer Chetal has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Netmind AI has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Thunder Terminal has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Inferno Drainer has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, NFTMachine has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Velodrome has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Porkbun has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Noones has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, burgel.eth has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Vkevin has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, HyPC has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Mixin has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

KelpDAO is a decentralized autonomous organization protocol that allegedly suffered a major exploit resulting in over $280 million in stolen funds across Ethereum and Arbitrum networks. According to ZachXBT, the attack was carried out by North Korean-linked actors who funded their operations through Tornado Cash and subsequently began laundering portions of the stolen funds through various protocols.

A fraudulent Ledger Live app distributed through the Apple App Store allegedly stole $9.5 million from over 50 victims between April 7-13, 2026. According to ZachXBT (Telegram, 2026-04-14), the fake application targeted users across multiple blockchain networks including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tron, Solana, and Ripple, with stolen funds allegedly laundered through KuCoin exchange addresses.

C&M Software is a Brazilian Central Bank services provider that allegedly experienced a major cyberattack in June 2025, resulting in approximately $140 million in unauthorized access to financial institutions' reserve accounts. According to ZachXBT (Telegram, 2025-07-04), attackers allegedly gained access through compromised employee credentials and converted tens of millions to cryptocurrency.

eXch is an instant cryptocurrency exchange that had 34 million euros and its infrastructure seized by Frankfurt prosecutors, according to ZachXBT (Telegram, 2025-05-09). The exchange is alleged to have been used to launder hundreds of millions of dollars from major cryptocurrency hacks and exploits.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Andy Ayrey has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

Sui is a blockchain protocol that reportedly experienced a significant theft incident in December 2024. According to ZachXBT (Telegram, 2025-01-26), an unidentified user was allegedly hacked for $29 million worth of SUI tokens, which were subsequently laundered through cross-chain bridges and privacy protocols.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, JRNY has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, M2 has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Malone has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Pendle has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Serenity Shield has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, PAAL has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, WazirX has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Glori Finance has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, ANDY has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, BlackSuit has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Metawin has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, LastPass threat actor has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, DPRK has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Sportsbet has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Bitforex has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Aqua has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Nina/Mo has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Hypurr NFTs has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, SafePal has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

Tornado Cash is an open-source, non-custodial Ethereum-based cryptocurrency mixer (tumbler) launched in 2019 by Roman Storm, Roman Semenov, and Alexey Pertsev that uses zero-knowledge cryptography to obscure transaction trails. The U.S. Treasury's OFAC sanctioned the protocol in August 2022, alleging it laundered over $7 billion including funds stolen by North Korea's Lazarus Group; those sanctions were overturned by the Fifth Circuit in November 2024 and formally lifted in March 2025. Criminal prosecutions of the founders remain ongoing in both the United States and the Netherlands.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Spartans Bet has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Wallex has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Fake Hyperliquid App has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Ledger has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Renzo Protocol has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, PumpDotFun has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Cointelegraph has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Token 2049 has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Strike has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Trezor has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, ACT has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Vitalik Buterin has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Kroll has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Cardano has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, WallStreetBets has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Wiz Khalifa Pump Fun has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

KAITO is a cryptocurrency token associated with the Kaito Yapper community on X (formerly Twitter), which faced significant market impact after X announced restrictions on InfoFi applications. According to ZachXBT (Telegram, 2026-01-15), the token's price dropped 17% following the announcement that led to the community's removal from the platform.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Transak has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, 1EU2pMence1UfifCco2UHJCdoqorAtpT7 has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Eigenlayer has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, MEXC has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Across Protocol has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Renzo has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, TON Blockchain has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Ethena has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Compound Finance has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, MustStopMurad has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Masa has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Blockchain Bandit has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, LastPass has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, JELLY has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, 0x327a81d0d128db8886d265be73c9fdda97194f30 has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Wasabi has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Circle has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

Bybit is a Dubai-headquartered cryptocurrency derivatives and spot exchange founded in 2018 by Ben Zhou, serving tens of millions of users globally. On February 21, 2025, the exchange suffered the largest cryptocurrency theft in recorded history when North Korean state-sponsored hackers attributed to the Lazarus Group (TraderTraitor) stole approximately $1.46 billion in Ethereum via a supply chain compromise of Safe{Wallet}'s frontend infrastructure. Separately, Bybit accounts have been cited in the ICIJ's 2025 Coin Laundry investigation into crypto exchanges facilitating international criminal money flows.

Coinbase is the largest publicly traded cryptocurrency exchange in the United States (NASDAQ: COIN), operating since 2012 with approximately 9.7 million monthly transacting users as of 2025. The platform has experienced a pattern of serious security incidents, including a 2021 MFA bypass affecting 6,000 accounts, an ongoing crisis of social engineering attacks that on-chain analyst ZachXBT estimated cost users over $300 million annually as of 2025, and a May 2025 insider-assisted data breach affecting approximately 69,461 customers with an estimated $180–400 million remediation cost. Coinbase was also sued by the SEC in June 2023 for operating an unregistered securities exchange, though that case was dismissed without penalty in February 2025.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Chris Larsen has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Bonad has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Nelly has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.

According to independent investigator ZachXBT, Friend Tech has been flagged for alleged suspicious activity.